上海博物馆人民广场馆·对话世界 文物艺术大展系列
对话 达·芬奇 文艺复兴与东方美学艺术特展(20231210~20240412)
在纸质票的背后,又这样一段话,引起了我的注意
「我们希望,观众在欣赏杰作之际,
用自己的眼睛与心灵去发现,
艺术的和而不同、艺术与科学的完美交融,
感悟数百年前东西方艺术大师精妙绝伦的创新魅力。」
对话达·芬奇——文艺复兴与东方美学艺术特展
达·芬奇拥有对求知、理解和创造的无尽渴望,其盖世之才象征着伟大文明特质的典范,譬如意大利和中国文明。通过这样的展览,两种文明将延续成果丰硕的文化对话,将古老根源与当代身份的繁盛相与为一。
意大利共和国驻中华人民共和国大使
安博思
“对话世界”文物艺术大展系列联手世界知名博物馆,着力增强全球资源配置能力和全球叙事能力,推动文明对话,促进交流互鉴,在文旅领域打造国内大循环的中心节点和国内国际双循环的战略链接,让上海成为世界看中国、中国看世界”的重要窗口。
上海市文化和旅游局 上海市文物局 局长
方世忠
此次展览也是上海博物馆有史以来首次打造的东西方绘画艺术对比展,我们采用独特的对话方式,从两个视角带大家进入一场跨域时空、超乎想象的曼妙之旅:在这里,您能领略到东西方在相同时代却迥然不同的艺术表现手法;在这里,您还能欣赏到东西方跨越千年在不同时代却有异曲同工的艺术风格。
上海博物馆 馆长
褚晓波
米兰盎博罗削图书馆所藏的11幅达-芬奇手稿真迹、帕尔马国家美术馆的名作《头发飘逸的女子》,都让我们得以近距离领略巨匠的奇思妙想。此外,还展出了同时代艺术家的作品,与达:芬奇对人体形象的研究,可谓相映成趣。上海博物馆收藏的一系列中国艺术杰作,则完美地”呼应”了达,芬奇的创作之路,为公众提供了见证两国艺术千里邂逅的良机。
意大利特雷卡尼百科全书研究院 院长
马西莫·布置
杂项研究
《大西洋古抄本》41r页
列奥纳多·达·芬奇(1452-1519)
纸上钢笔,墨水和黑色粉笔
尺寸不等
米兰盎博罗削图书馆和美术馆
Miscellaneous Study
Codex Atlanticus, f. 41 recto
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Pen, ink, and black chalk on paper
Dimension varies
Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan
《大西洋古抄本》收录了1119页手稿,是达·芬奇所有手稿中最重要、数量最大、最具研究意义的一批材料,涵盖了他从1478年到去世前的各类研究,包括数学、生物、军事、建筑、地理等诸多内容。这几件素描残件全部来自《大西洋古抄本》41r页,创作于达·芬奇为朱利亚诺·德美第奇效力期间。朱利亚诺与其兄教皇利奥十世是达·芬奇晚年来到罗马后最重要的赞助人。作品描绘的主题并没有确切定论,一些人认为它们是一种能够自动传送布料的裁剪机器,另一些人则指出它们与军用的机械装靈有关。
in tempo di pace credo satisfare benissimo ad paragone de omni altro in architectura, in compositione de aedificii et publici et privati, et in conducer aqua da uno loco ad uno altro. Item conducerà in sculptura di marmore, di bronzo et di terra; similiter in pictura
Leonardo da Vinci
和平时期,本人亦能胜任建筑设计工作,与他人相比绝不逊色分毫。本人擅长设计各类公共和私人建筑、开挖水渠……此外,本人擅长创作大理石、青铜及陶士雕塑,擅长绘画,水平不亚于任何旁人。
列奥纳多·达·芬奇
in times of peace, differently from everyone else, I believe I satisfy the needs for architecture, the construction of public and private buildings, and the conduction of water from one place to another.Similarly, sculptures will be conducted in marble, bronze, and clay, as well as painting
Leonardo da Vinci
石料切割装置,1513年
《大西洋古抄本》2r页(前1r-c页)
列奥纳多·达·芬奇(1452-1519)
特制有色(浅蓝色)纸上的钢笔、墨水和水彩
27.5×41.5厘米
米兰盎博罗削图书馆和美术馆
Machine to Produce Stone Slabs, 1513
Codex Atlanticus, f. 2 recto (ex 1r-c)
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Pen and ink and watercolors on prepared and colored paper (light blue)
27.5×41.5 cm
Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan
这件作品展示了一个切割石材的大型工作台,并以图文结合的方式说明了其安装方式。切割工作由工作台上的两个平行刀片完成。操作员可以灵活调整刀片之间的距离,从而得到不同厚度的石板,这不仅能够满足不同客户的需求,实现对石材的精准切割,也使建筑工地的日常运作得到了明显改善。不同于同时期其他工程师,达·芬奇喜欢在设计图中逐一画出装置的各个零件,从而更准确地把握它们的功能和原理。这一特点充分体现在了这页手稿中,左侧按照组装顺序绘制了工作台的部分零件,并配有相应的文字说明。
配备金属镰刀的武装坦克
《大西洋古抄本》113v页(前40v-a页)
列奥纳多·达·芬奇(1452-1519)
纸上钢笔和墨水
19.2×28.0厘米
米兰盎博罗削图书馆和美术馆
Studies of Sickle and Armed Tanks
Codex Atlanticus, f. 113 verso (ex 40v-a)
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Pen and ink on paper
19.2×28.0 cm
Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan
这件素描是一张武器设计图的习作,创作于达·芬奇为斯福尔扎大公效力期间。手稿左侧描绘了配备金属镰刀的军用坦克,右侧是破坏城墙的攻城装置。这两种武器的原型均出自15世纪著名的工程师瓦尔图里奥之手,达·芬奇从其著作《论军事》中汲取很多创作灵感,进而发挥自身才华设计出一系列更先进的机械装置——左侧的坦克原先仅配有一把小型镰刀,而达·芬奇将它改造为四把更具杀伤力的刀片。值得一提的是,达·芬奇对这辆刀轮战车的实用性持有怀疑态度,在另一幅同主题的手稿中写道:“它对友军的伤害往往不亚于对敌人的伤害”,这也表明其对武器设计有着自己独特的思考。
发射炸弹的大炮,1485年
《大西洋古抄本》33r页(前9v-a页)
列奥纳多·达·芬奇(1452-1519)
纸上针尖笔,黑色粉笔,钢笔和墨水
21.9×41.0厘米
米兰盎博罗削图书馆和美术馆
Two Mortars Shooting Explosive Balls, 1485
Codex Atlanticus, f. 33 recto (ex 9v-a)
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Blind stylus, black chalk, pen and ink on paper 21.9×41.0 cm
Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan
这张勾勒纯熟的素描作品是达·芬奇设计的演示图,描绘了两门正在发射的火炮。它创作于达.芬奇初到米兰时期,并往往与他写给米兰大公卢多维科·斯福尔扎的求职信联系在一起。信中达·芬奇写道:“我还能设计易操作、易携带的火炮,可以像风暴一样射出碎石。它产生的浓烟能让敌人感到恐惧,使之遭受严重的伤害并陷入混乱之中。“然而实际上,这件武器装置不仅能够射出“碎石”,还能发射由火药、钉子或其他金属装填的榴霰弹,并且可以根据不同进攻情境增装不同弹药。它也是《大西洋古抄本》中最著名的手稿之一,即使到了17和18世纪,很多人依然震惊于达·芬奇当时跨时代的想象力。
防御工事,约1502-1503年
《大西洋古抄本》116r页(前41v-a页)
列奥纳多·达·芬奇(1452-1519)
棕色钢笔,墨水,棕色和蓝色水彩
44.0×29.0 厘米
米兰盎博罗削图书馆和美术馆
Study of Fortifications, c. 1502-1503
Codex Atlanticus, f. 116 recto (ex 41v-a)
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Brown pen and ink, brown and blue watercolor 44.0×29.0 cm
Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan
这件作品是达·芬奇精心设计的防御工事图稿。他用两种不同颜色的墨区分城墙和水渠,城墙右端还标有相关尺寸信息。它很可能是达·芬奇为切撒雷·博尔吉亚所作,后者视其为“最杰出、最受爱戴的总建筑师和工程师”。
与同时期的防御工事相比,这座堡垒有着诸多特别之处,尤其体现在一系列抵御火炮的创新设计上。首先,圆形的城墙结构能够有效减缓火炮的正面冲击;其次,一层湿泥土混合的材料还覆盖于城墙的外围。另外,城墙间的沟壑注水后会成为护城河,用以抗击入侵者。这张手稿的设计被认为受到了弗朗切斯科·迪·乔治的影响,他是15世纪著名的建筑师和工程师,达·芬奇从其著作《论民用和军用建筑》中汲取了很多灵感。
The Codex Atlanticus
Upon Leoriardo’s death in 1519, his manuscripts were inherited by his mentee Francesco Melzi. Successively, Pompeo Leoni, who was court sculptor to the King of Spain Philip II, received from Francesco’s son Orazio Melzi many of these manuscripts and drawings; he even tampered with many to create thematic collections. The artistic drawings were brought together in a collection that was sold in England and is now conserved in the Royal Library at Windsor Castle. The miscellaneous materials were collected in an enormous volume (the size used for atlases, hence the title Codex Atlanticus). This collection of folia now constitutes the world’s largest example of Leonardo’s productions and is conserved at the Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan.
Between 1622 and 1630, Polidoro Calchi, son-in-law of Pompeo Leoni (d. 1608), sold the Codex Atlanticus, along with Leonardo’s other intact manuscripts, to the Milanese nobleman Galeazzo Arconati. Arconati then donated them to the Ambrosiana in 1637.
The library was founded by Cardinal Federico Borromeo who was an intellectual, a collector, and a relative of Arconati himself.
In 1797 all of Leonardo’s manuscripts conserved at the Ambrosiana were requisitioned by Napoleonic troops and brought to Paris. Only the Codex Atlanticus was returned, in 1815, thanks to the intervention of the great sculptor Antonio Canova.
Between 1962 and 1972 the Codex Atlanticus underwent restoration, for the folia, originally separated according to the sixteenth-century ligation, were distributed across twelve volumes. In 2008, the Codex Atlanticus was ultimately unbound.
《大西洋古抄本》
1519年,达·芬奇与世长辞,他的手稿由学生弗朗切斯科·梅尔齐继承。随后,彭佩奥·莱昂尼从弗朗切斯科之子奥拉乔·梅尔齐处获得其中的诸多手稿和图纸,前者曾是西班牙国王菲利普二世的御用雕塑家。为创建专题收藏,莱昂尼对所收到的文件进行了大量篡改。他将绘画图稿集结成册,并在英国出售,这部分收藏现存于温莎城堡的皇家图书馆。而其余繁杂的文件则被收存进一份浩大的卷册,其纸张大小与地图集相当(因此《大西洋古抄本》的拉丁语原名也包含“地图集”之意)。这是现存最大的达·芬奇作品集,珍藏在米兰盎博罗削图书馆。
1622年至1630年间,彭佩奥·莱昂尼(卒于1608年)的女婿坡里多罗·卡尔奇将《大西洋古抄本》和达·芬奇其他完好的手稿一起卖给了米兰贵族盖里祖·阿考那蒂。1637年,阿考那蒂又将它们捐赠给米兰盎博罗削图书馆。该图书馆由红衣主教费德里科·博罗梅奥创立,他不仅是一位知识分子和收藏家,也是阿考那蒂本人的亲戚。
1797 年,拿破仑军队征用了存放在盎博罗削图书馆的全部达·芬奇手稿,并运至巴黎。1815年,在雕塑家安东尼奥·卡诺瓦的斡旋之下,只有《大西洋古抄本》得以归还。
1962年至 1972年间,《大西洋古抄本》进行了修复,并从十六世纪的装订方式中分离出来,重新整合为十二卷。2008年,该古抄本最终被拆散成页。
The Codex Atlanticus
Upon Leonardo’s death in 1519, his manuscripts were inherited by his mentee Francesco Melzi. Successively, Pompeo Leoni, who was court sculptor to the King of Spain Philip II, received from Francesco’s son Orazio Melzi many of these manuscripts and drawings; he even tampered with many to create thematic collections. The artistic drawings were brought together in a collection that was sold in England and is now conserved in the Royal Library at Windsor Castle. The miscellaneous materials were collected in an enormous volume (the size used for atlases, hence the title Codex Atlanticus). This collection of folia now constitutes the world’s largest example of Leonardo’s productions and is conserved at the Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan.
Between 1622 and 1630, Polidoro Calchi, son-in-law of Pompeo Leoni (d. 1608), sold the Codex Atlanticus, along with Leonardo’s other intact manuscripts, to the Milanese nobleman Galeazzo Arconati. Arconati then donated them to the Ambrosiana in 1637.The library was founded by Cardinal Federico Borromeo who was an intellectual, a collector, and a relative of Arconati himself.
In 1797 all of Leonardo’s manuscripts conserved at the Ambrosiana were requisitioned by Napoleonic troops and brought to Paris. Only the Codex Atlanticus was returned, in 1815, thanks to the intervention of the great sculptor Antonio Canova.
Between 1962 and 1972 the Codex Atlanticus underwent restoration, for the folia, originally separated according to the sixteenth-century ligation, were distributed across twelve volumes. In 2008, the Codex Atlanticus was ultimately unbound.
几何图形、灌溉渠和一只猫,约1516年
《大西洋古抄本》268r页(前98r-a页)
列奥纳多 达 芬奇(1452-1519)
钢笔和棕色墨水
29.8×21.7厘米
米兰盎博罗削图书馆和美术馆
Geometric Figures,
Irrigation Canals and a Cat. c. 1516
Codex Atlanticus, f. 268 recto (ex 98r-a)
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Pen and brown ink
29.8×21.7 cm
Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan
这件素描创作于达·芬奇晚年,包含了多幅半月形和直边形重叠的草图。达·芬奇对几何有着浓厚兴趣,尤其痴迷于“化圆为方”,这是一种通过等积变换,将曲线形状转化为易于计算面积的直边形的方法,为此他甚至计划编写一部《几何游戏》专著。
除此之外,手稿还绘有另外一些主题,右侧上方写有一句意大利文”非常高的悬铃木”,字迹并非出自其亲笔;而下方是达:芬奇对“直流河”的描述,并绘制了一幅简单示意图,这是他反复研究的水力学概念,旨在调节用于灌溉的水流。另外,在左侧下方还能看到一只正在舔毛的猫。
la pazienzia fa contro allengiurie non altrementi che si faccino i panni contra del freddo; imperocché se ti multiplicherai di panni secondo la multiplicazione del freddo, esso freddo nocere non ti potrà. Similmente alle grande ingiurie cresci la pazienzia; esse ingiurie offendere non ti potranno la tua mente
Leonardo da Vinci
忍耐能抵抗冒犯,正如衣物可抵御严寒;因此,若视寒冷程度而添衣,它便无法侵袭。同样,面对不逊,泰然处之;如此一来,你便坚不可摧。
列奥纳多·达·芬奇
patience works against offences as clothes against the cold; thus, if you wear more clothes according to the degree of cold, the cold will not be able to harm you. Likewise, with great offences, grow more patience; thus, they will not offend your mind
Leonardo da Vinci
木亭,约1494年
《大西洋古抄本》95r页(前34v-b页)
列奥纳多·达·芬奇(1452-1519)
红粉笔,钢笔和棕色墨水
19.4×13.0 厘米
米兰盎博罗削图书馆和美术馆
Study of Pavilion, c. 1494
Codex Atlanticus, f. 95 recto (ex 34v-b)
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Red chalk, pen and brown ink 19.4×13.0 cm
Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan
这件彩色素描是对一座木亭窗框细节的描绘。达·芬奇在斯福尔扎家族效力期间,创作了一系列与这座木亭相关的手稿,表明他在这位米兰大公手下承担着建筑师的职贵。除此之外,达·芬奇还参与了米兰大教堂的穹顶塔楼设计。
不同于这一时期更流行的样式,这座木亭亭身为长方体,木质的窗棂支撑着侧面窗户,顶部则是金字塔形的棱锥体,并且很可能配有用于照明的玻璃幕墙。它的用途并没有定论,一些人认为与斯福尔扎的府邸相关,而也有人指出它可能是达·芬奇为桑塞维里诺筹办的骑马比武盛宴的一部分。
配备四把十字弓的机械,约1485-1487年
《大西洋古抄本》1070r页(前387r-a页)
列典納多·达芬奇(1452-1519)
钢笔,棕色墨水,水彩以及金属针尖笔痕迹
13.4×18.0厘米
米兰盎博罗削圈书馆和美术馆
Mechanism with Four Crossbows, c. 1485-1487
Codex Atlanticus, f. 1070 recto (ex 387r-a)
Lisonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Pen, brown ink, watercolor; traces of metal point 13.4×18.0 cm
Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan
这页手稿展示了一件武器装置。它的主体是一个构造复杂的齿轮,内部配有四把极具杀伤力的十字号,左侧的倾斜平面为士兵和裝置自身提供保护。齿轮依靠其上多位士兵的重量转动,进而带动内部的绳索系统拉动四把十字弓,位于齿轮内的士兵则控制它们的发射时机。这件装置能多产生三十倍于上方士兵量的拉力,以此射出威力强大的弓箭。
除了这页手稿外,达-芬奇还设计了很多与之类似的十字弓武器。然而,由于彼时火炮的流行,这些武器并不具有实用性,而更可能是达·芬奇向权贵们展示自己在军事设计方面才华的一种方式。
si come il mangiare sanza voglia fia dannosa alla salute, così lo studio sanza desiderio guasta la memoria e non ritien cosa ch’ella pigli
Leonardo da Vinci
无欲而食则伤身,无求而学则劳神。
列奥纳多·达·芬奇
as eating without desire is harmful to health, so studying without desire spoils the memory and does not retain any of the things it takes in
Leonardo da Vinci
火炮发射场景和一匹马,1503年
《大西洋古抄本》72页
列奥纳·达·芬奇(1452-1519)
纸上针尖笔,黑色粉笔,钢笔和墨水
34.0×48.7 厘米米兰盎博罗削图书馆和美术馆
Hail of Bullets Thrown by
Mortars Positioned over a Crenellated Wall,
and Study of a Horse, 1503
Codex Atlanticus, f. 72 recto
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Blind stylus, black chalk, pen and ink on paper 34.0 x 48.7 cm
Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan
这件素描展示了两个截然不同的主题,右侧描绘了几门火炮从城墙后方射出如冰雹般的炮弹,左侧则是一匹受惊的马。军事场景是为另一幅同题材手稿所作的草图,创作于达·芬奇效力斯福尔扎家族或博尔吉亚期间,它与本次展览展出的古抄本33r页存在相似性,展现了达·芬奇作为军事工程师的才能。在这页手稿的背面,他还绘制了一套用于破坏城墙的攻城装置。脱缰之马则是稍晚期的作品,是达·芬奇为《安吉亚里之战》绘制的习作。根据这幅已佚壁画的摹本,这匹马会出现在米兰和佛罗伦萨人战斗场景的最中央。
弗朗切斯科·斯福尔扎的骑马像,约1493年
《大西洋古抄本》577v页(前216v-a页)
列奥纳多·达·芬奇(1452-1519)
红粉笔
29.5×20.7厘米
米兰盎博罗削图书馆和美术馆
Deck for the Equestrian Statue of
Francesco Sforza, c. 1493
Codex Atlanticus, f. 577 verso (ex 216v-a)
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Red chalk
29.5×20.7 cm
Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan
这件彩色素描作品是弗朗切斯科·斯福尔扎骑马纪念碑的草图。它创作于达·芬奇为卢多维科·斯福尔扎效力期间,后者委托达·芬奇为其父亲设计一座骑马像,从而彰显斯福尔扎家族的不朽荣誉与永恒荣光。
相比起人物,达·芬奇将更多的心血倾注在了马的形象上。为了更准确地把握马的尺寸比例,他亲自解剖了一匹马,并创作了一系列与马有关的解剖学手稿。原先他计划让马扬起前蹄,仅靠后腿站立,但受到帕维亚古城一座骑士像的启发,最终将其修改为更优雅的小跑姿态。这座纪念碑的铸造由于法国人的入侵被迫搁置,但达·芬奇业已完成的模型收获了无数赞誉,宫廷诗人称赞它“如此壮观雄伟者,希腊、罗马都未曾得见。”
军用临时桥梁,约1483-1485年
《大西洋古抄本》55r页(前16v-a页)
列奥纳多·达·芬奇(1452-1519)
钢笔和棕色墨水
21.6×30.0厘米米兰盎博罗削图书馆和美术馆
Makeshift Military Bridge, с. 1483-1485
Codex Atlanticus, f. 55 recto (ex 16v-a)
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Pen and brown ink
21.6×30.0 cm
Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan
这件素描展示了两座正在建造中的木质飞桥,根据手稿上的文字,它们是“用于快速撤退或追击敌人的临时桥梁”。其灵感来源于古罗马诗人卢坎的史诗作品《法沙利亚》,也是达·芬奇一系列有关桥梁设计的手稿之一。飞桥两侧的边梁由树干连接而成,下方用X型的木又支撑,两端则通过嵌入河岸中的V型木块固定位置。在手稿左侧,一名士兵正在安装X型木叉,其中一根木材已经就位,而另一根还漂在水上,他的身后是建造时必备的千斤顶。另外,靠下的飞桥上还绘出了桥面的简略草图。
《闸口盘车图》卷即是唐宋时期水利兴盛的实证。五十余位人物穿梭其间,或磨面扛粮,或行乐饮酒,熙熙攘攘,雍雍穆穆。其中彩楼、欢门、酒帘、独轮车,详尽严谨,可与北宋张择端《清明上河图》卷相互印证,富于理性精神。图中的水磨与水击面罗,展现了古人对于水力应用的杰出成就。
This handscroll is evidence of the prosperity of the hydraulic development achieved in the Tang and Song Dynasties. Over fifty people are in the painting, some of which are involved in carrying and grinding grains, while others indulge in leisure and convivial activities; in total, the artwork offers a scene bustling with harmony and enjoyment. Colorful buildings, festive gates, wheelbarrows, and flag-like tavern signs are among the elements of the painting that are presented with rigorous acumen; they mutually confirm their veridicality with those elements of Zhang Zeduan’s Along the River During the Qingming Festival. The horizontal wheel-driven water grinding disc in the painting shows an outstanding piece of achievement developed by the ancients in the field of hydraulic applications.
乘物以游心。
庄子
let your mind find its enjoyment in the circumstances of your position
Zhuangzi
闸口盘车图卷,约960年
佚名
五代
绢本 设色
53.0×119.5厘米
上海博物馆
Watergate Gristmill, c. 960
Anonymous
Five dynasties
Handscroll, ink and color on silk
53.0×119.5 cm
Shanghai Museum
卫贤(公元十世纪),长安人。南唐内供奉。以界画著称。款署后添,然此图尚存五代、北宋初特点,为十世纪中叶风俗画杰作。此图描绘了官营磨坊生产的宏大场面。图中所画的水磨装置,展现了古人对于水力应用的杰出成就。
西方史学家将水磨视作中古文明科学技术的象征。《闸口盘车图》卷即是唐宋时期水利兴盛的实证。随着文人画的普及,明代画家对于客观实物的探索,更强调文学性及抽象性。而文艺复兴时期,西方画家则注重料芋、理性的表达。
il sole, immediate che li appare nell’oriente, subito discorre co’ li sua radi a l’occidente, i quali sono composti di tre potenzie spirituali: cioè splendore, calore, e la spezie della forma della loro cagione.L’occhio, subito ch’è aperto, vede tutte le stelle del nostro emisperio.La mente salta ‘n uno attimo dall’oriente all’occidente, e tutte l’alt|rje cose spirituali sono di gran lunga dissimile per velocità a queste
Leonardo da Vinci
太阳东升,随即向西照耀,其光芒由三种精神之力凝聚而成,即光辉、热能与成形的动因。开目见明,满天星斗,一览而尽。思想在顷刻之间,东来西往,其余精神事物的速度与之相差甚远。
列奥纳多·达·芬奇
the sun, abruptly appearing there in the east, immediately moves to the west with its rays, which are composed of three spiritual potentialities: brightness, heat, and the form of their origin.
The eye, suddenly opened, sees all the stars of our hemisphere.
The mind jumps in a moment from east to west, and all other spiritual things are nothing like these in speed
Leonardo da Vinci
《头发飘逸的女子》描绘了一位颔首俯视的女性形象,与达:芬奇笔下许多其他肖像画一样,这幅作品极具神秘性。达.芬奇用细小的波浪形笔触勾勒出女子头发轮廓,使其看起来似乎随风飘动。著名达-芬奇专家马丁,坎普准确地描述了这项技术:“卷曲的头发就像湍急的水流,头发自身的重量转化为奔流的冲击。二者都呈环型弯曲。”
这幅别具一格的画作创作于15世纪末,它既是一个象征,也是一个谜,代表了达·芬奇的实验精神,他试图探索在二维空间中描绘复杂现实的新技法。
The Scapiliata depicts a female figure who looks downward, and like many of Leonardo’s portraits, it has an enigmatic quality. The small, wavy strokes outline the hair, making it appear free to move as if agitated by the wind. This technique is perfectly described by the illustrious Martin Kemp,noted Leonardo scholar: “The curling of hair resembles the turbulence of flowing water. The weight of the hair is equivalent to the force of the water current. Hair and water tend to curve circularly.”
The Scapiliata is a unique artwork made towards the end of the fifteenth century. lt is both a symbol and an enigma, representing da Vinci’s experimentalism in his quest for new ways to depict the complexities of reality in a two-dimensional space.
non vedi tu che infra le umane bellezze il viso bellissimo ferma li viandanti e non gli loro ricchi ornamenti? (…) Fa tu adonque alle tue teste li capegli scherzare insieme con finto vento intorno alli giovanili volti, e con diverse revolture graziosamente ornargli
Leonardo da Vinci
难道你不明白,行者为之驻足的,并非华丽的缀饰,而是姣好的容颜?……那就让秀发随风飘逸,拂过年轻的脸庞,再赋予不同的动态吧。
列奥纳多·达·芬奇
do you not see that among the human features, the beautiful face stops the wayfarers and not their rich ornaments? (…) Then make the hair play with the fake wind around the youthful faces, and adorn them with different movements
Leonardo da Vinci
头发飘逸的女子,約1492-1501年
列奥纳多·达·芬奇(1452-1519)
胡桃木板上含铁和朱砂的铅白颜料
24.7×21.0 厘米
帕尔马国家美术馆
Head of a Young Woman,
called “The Scapiliata”, C. 1492-1501
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
White lead with iron and cinnabar pigments on walnut board
24.7×21.0 cm
Complesso Monumentale della Pilotta, National Gallery, Parma Inv. 362
这幅未完成的作品描绘了一位头发飘逸的年轻女性,她侧脸相对,双目低垂,轻轻颔首,脸上带着一抹若有似无的微笑,沉浸在自己的思绪中。达·芬奇在一块精心挑选的胡桃木板上用赭色颜料快速而概括地勾勒出轮案,再用铅白颜料层层渲染,表现出绝妙的光影对照。
达·芬奇笔下这位神秘女子,凭借优雅柔美的仪态成为了女性美的典范,也是其最具东方美学神韵的一幅女子肖像。女子恣意披散的长波浓卷发,柔媚百态,令人联想到无尽的流水波紋,给人一种沉浸大自然的错觉,她从头至尾散逸出典型达·芬奇式的神秘,使得学者卡罗佩德雷蒂曾评论:“在他所有的创作中,这是最崇高的一福作品,它超越了时间和空间。”
送子观音图轴,约1560年
(传)仇英(约1498-1552年)
明
纸本 水墨
59.0×89.6 厘米
上海博物馆
Guanyin with Child, c. 1560
Attributed to Qiu Ving (c. 1498-1552)
Ming dynasty
Hanging scroll, ink on paper
59.0×89.6 cm
Shanghai Museum
此图作者佚名,托名仇英,款署“仇英实父制”,系“伪好物”。图绘宝殿之内,一菩萨装女性怀抱婴孩,半跏跌坐于矮床之上,周身侍者五人。画面本自元王振鹏《姨母育佛图》卷,全用白描。
明代晚期流行一类“苏州片”绘画,一般由苏州画坊制作,摹仿苏州或其他古代名象风格,伪添苏州文化名人题跋、藏印,以求出售。仇英是“苏州片”偏好伪托的一种典型,所见多青绿山水,或秾丽仕女,也多白描人物故事。此图所绘或为晚明流行的送子观音题材,当时中国天主教将圣母和观音大士作内文互换,是外来文化传入时作出适应性改造的范例。
白描道君像图卷,约1204年
梁楷
南宋
纸本 水墨
25.9×73.7 厘米
上海博物馆
Daoist Lord, c. 1204
Liang Kai
Southern Song dynasty
Handscroll, ink on paper 25.9×73.7 cm
Shanghai Museum
梁楷,南宋嘉泰年间(1201-1204)画院待诏,善画道释人物、山水。性情豪放,人称“梁疯子”。祖籍山东东平,居临安(今浙江杭州)。传世作品以“减笔”“泼墨”画为多。
是图原为道教经折扉画,后裱为手卷。本幅左下款署“臣梁權”,系画家供职画院期间所绘,为其细笔一路白描面。“白描”具有绘画底稿的功能,是古代画家传移模写的载体,至北宋发展为一种独立的绘面形式。比照达·芬奇,他服务米兰宫廷创作约十七年。其木板油画《抱银貂的少文》便绘于彼时,亦由一福精美的素描稿转化而来。
明镜者所以察形也,
往古者所以知今也。
《大戴礼记》
the viewer in the mirror observes one’s own image, the one who gazes at the antiquity learns about today
Records of Ritual Matters by Dai the Elder
临宋人画十五开册(选六开),约1520年
仇英(約1498-1552年)
明
绢本 设色
27.2×25.5厘米不等
上海博物馆
Facsimile of Song Figures (Selection), c. 1520
Qiu Ying (c. 1498-1552)
Ming dynasty
Album of six leaves, ink and color on silk
c.27.2x 25.5 cm each
Shanghai Museum
1) 半间秋光
Leisurely Autumn
2)羲之写照
Portraiture of Xizhi
3)村童闹学
Village Children at School
仇英,字实父,号十洲,江苏太仓人。周臣弟子,擅临摹古画,落笔乱真。工画仕女,山水又有粗简一类。
此三开设色人物画。第一开作仕女镜前自照。第二开作士人持卷闲坐,身后画屏上悬挂其画像一轴。第三开作学堂间隙,老师伏案酣睡,学童嬉戏打闹,一小儿俯身回顾,为师父画像。三开描摹细致,人物衣纹路用颤笔,近周文矩风格。后两开与肖像画的绘制与功能都有紧密关联。
4)嫔妃浴儿
Children at Bath and Imperial Concubine
5)傀儡牵机
Puppet Show
6)三顾草庐
Three Visits to the Cottage
此三开工笔设色。第一开作妇人浴婴。第二开婴戏圈,绘三名小儿,一人敲鼓,一人作皮影戏,一人观戏。两者都是古代绘画传统中以母子、儿童为描绘对象的常见主题。第三开作山坳村舍前,两队兵马驻足,一人鞠躬朝拜。
此册各开有项元汴(1525-1590)藏印,是仇英晚年客项氏时受其委托所作的古画摹本。达•芬奇的艺术生涯中也贯穿当时十分普遍的主题:圣母圣婴像。在此类描绘母与子的图像中,他注重衣褶处理,也为人物的表情、身姿、相互关系作出了改进。
四体妍蚩,本无关于妙处,
传神写照,正在阿堵中。
顾恺之
the beauty or ugliness of the four limbs basically bears no relation to the most subtle part of a painting. What transmits the spirit and portrays the likeness lies precisely in these dots
Gu Kaizhi
un pittore non deve mai imitare la maniera d’un altro, perche sara detto nipote e non figlio della natura; perché essendo le cose naturali in tanto larga abbondanza, più tosto si deve ricorrere ad essa natura, che alli maestri, che da quella hanno imparato
Leonardo da Vinci
一名画家绝不应该模仿其他人的风格,因为如果这样做,他就会成为大自然的“孙辈”而非“子辈”。大自然的一切是如此丰富多样,我们的目光应该投向大自然本身,而不是那些同样从大自然中学习的大师们。
列奥纳多·达·芬奇
a painter must never imitate the manner of another because he will be called the grandson and not the son of nature. Since natural things are available in such great abundance, turn to nature itself rather than to masters who have learned from it
Leonardo da Vinci
波塔费奥将女子双眼描绘成微微下垂的样子,还在画面右上方尝试了双眼睁开时的不同画法(不知何时被擦去了一半,也许其干扰了主画面)。1490年左右,达·芬奇开始将人物双眼描绘成低垂的模样并逐渐趋于成熟,此次展出的《头发飘逸的女子》就是一个范例。
只有卢伊尼晚期的绘画特点,才坚定地遵循着达:芬奇的肖像和色彩模式。同一时期,卢伊尼与弗朗切斯科·梅尔齐相遇。1520年,梅尔齐带着达·芬奇的壁画草图、素描以及手稿从法国回到米兰。
弗朗切斯科·梅尔齐:“达·芬奇这位虔诚的学生出身于米兰贵族,晚年时陪伴他从罗马前往法国卢瓦尔河谷,并成为了他的继承人。”
达·芬奇追求的理念,与米开朗基罗正好相反(尽管他与米开朗基罗私交甚恶,但双方都佩服彼此的艺术造诣)。米开朗基罗的绘画中,一切都在光明中,艺术家极其突出运动,几乎到了过度表现的境地。
Boltraffio portrays his model with her eyes gently lowered, but in the upper right part of the paper he also explores a variant with open eyes (probably semi-erased at an unknown time because they disturbed the main image). The idea of portraying models with lowered eyes was brought to success by Leonardo around 1490: an example of it is The Scapiliata.
Luini’s late phase is characterized by a more decisive adherence to Leonardo’s iconographic and coloristic models. This phase also coincided with Luini’s encounter with Francesco Melzi. It was in 1520 that Francesco Melzi returned to Milan from France with Leonardo’s cartoons, drawings, and manuscripts.
Francesco Melzi, the aristocratic and devout Milanese student who accompanied Leonardo da Vinci on his journeys from Rome to the Loire in his later years.Thanks to his role as protégé to da Vinci, Melzi become Leonardo’s universal heir.
Leonardo pursues research opposite to that of Michelangelo (with whom relations were quite negative at a personal level, but of mutual, profound artistic esteem), where everything is in full light and movements are shown and emphasized almost to the point of exhibitionism.
米开朗基罗·博那罗蒂
1475年8月6日米开朗基罗出生于阿雷佐的卡普雷塞,曾在多梅尼科·吉兰达约的工作室学习创作湿壁画和油画。1494年,美第奇家族被驱逐出佛罗伦萨之前,米开朗基罗逃离佛罗伦萨前往威尼斯,并在博洛尼亚待了整整一年。1495年6月,他搬到罗马,一直待到1500年,并为红衣主教比耶尔的圣彼得罗妮拉墓创作了雕塑《圣殇》。
回到佛罗伦萨后,米开朗基罗创作了雕塑作品《大卫》(1501-1504)。1504年,作为回应达:芬奇创作的《安吉亚里之战》,米开朗基罗受托创作了《卡西纳之战》。
1505年,米开朗基罗回到罗马,受尤利乌斯二世委托开始为西斯廷教堂创作(1509-1512)。二十多年后(1533),克雷蒙七世委托米开朗基罗为西斯廷教堂祭坛后的墙壁绘制湿壁画(《最后的审判》,1536-1541)。
米开朗基罗生命中最后一段时间主要致力于建筑设计(法尔内塞宫、卡比托利欧广场和圣伯多禄大教堂穹顶)。此外,他还是一位颇受赞赏的作家,曾写就《书信集》(1875年出版),以及主要创作于1534年的《诗歌集》。1564年,米开朗基罗在罗马去世。
Michelangelo Buonarroti
Born on March 6, 1475 in Caprese, Arezzo, Michelangelo was introduced to the practice of mural and oil painting at Domenico Ghirlandaio’s workshop. In 1494, just before the exile of de’ Medici from Florence, Michelangelo fled Florence in favor of Venice and spent a whole year in Bologna.From June 1495, he moved to Rome where he stayed until 1500 and produced the Pieta for Cardinal J. Bilhères’ tomb in St. Petronilla.
Back in Florence, Michelangelo made the David (1501-04). In 1504, in response to the Battaglia di Anghiari commissioned to Leonardo, Michelangelo was commissioned to paint the Battaglia di Cascina.
In 1505, Michelangelo was back in Rome, where, under Julius Il’s commission, he began the Sistine Chapel work (1509-1512). Over twenty years later (1533), Clement VII commissioned Michelangelo to fresco the wall behind the altar in the Sistine Chapel (Last Judgment, 1536-1541).
The last part of Michelangelo’s life was noticeably dedicated to architecture (Palazzo Farnese, Piazza del Campidoglio, and St. Peter’s dome). Michelangelo was also an appreciated writer: he wrote an epistolary Lettere, published posthumously (1875), and the Rime, composed mostly from
1534. He died in Rome in 1564.
劳伦森图书馆的
大门、窗户及壁龛,约1524-1525年
米开朗基罗 博那罗蒂(1475-1564)
黑色粉笔和棕色水粉(正面),红色粉笔、棕色钢笔和墨水(反面)
33.2×22.7 厘米
佛罗伦萨博那罗蒂之家
Study of Portal for the Laurentian Library (recto), and Study of Portal, Windows, and Niches for the Laurentian Library (verso), c. 1524-1525
Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564)
Black chalk and brown watercolor (recto), red chalk and brown pen and ink (verso)
33.2×22.7 cm
Casa Buonarroti, Florence
Inv. 96 A
米开朗基罗在这幅手稿中描绘了一系列劳伦森图书馆大门、窗户以及壁龛的式样。劳伦森图书馆位于佛罗伦萨,由当时的美第奇家族出资修建。与圣洛伦佐教堂的新圣器室一样,米开朗基罗长期参与这个项目的设计。手稿的红色粉笔和钢笔画部分可能是图书馆墙壁式样的草图,表现出米开朗基罗在新造型和建筑领域极富活力和独创性,他常从古典艺术中汲取灵感,并运用到艺术创作及建筑设计中。
腿,约1524-1525年
米开朗基罗 博那罗蒂(1475-1564)
纸上棕色笔和墨水
14.9×19.3厘米
佛罗伦萨博那罗蒂之家
Study of Legs, c. 1524-1525
Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564)
Brown pen and ink on paper
14.9×19.3 cm
Casa Buonarroti, Florence
Inv. 44 F
这是“文艺复兴三杰”之一的米开朗基罗的人体素描,创作时间可追溯到16世纪20年代,属于四幅风格一致的作品系列中。当时米开朗基罗受教皇利奥十世委托,正投入在圣洛伦佐教堂内新圣器室的设计工作中。他笔下的这幅左腿姿势与其寓言性雕塑《夜》中对应的姿势十分相似。在《腿》素描中,米开朗基罗的笔触快速而坚定,他用局部勾勒的方式突出了前景中腿部的肌肉线条,而另一条腿呈弯曲状,轮廓简洁有力。这幅作品与其他三幅素描一起,证明了米开朗基罗在解剖学领域的高超能力。
弗朗切斯科·梅尔齐
梅尔齐可能于1491年至1493年间出生在米兰。作为达·芬奇的学生及朋友,梅尔齐在1513年跟随老师来到罗马,随后在1517年前往法国,在那里他一直协助达·芬奇直至其去世。关于梅尔齐出生日期,可参考创作于1510年8月14日的《男子侧身像》上的两处文字。梅尔齐父亲杰罗拉莫很可能在1506年左右支持儿子进入达·芬奇工作室。
英国温莎城堡的皇家图书馆内藏有一些梅尔齐的手稿作品,米兰盎博罗削图书馆也收藏了一小部分其绘画作品。
1519年4月24日,达·芬奇指定梅尔齐为自己的继承人以及遗嘱执行人,并将自己的手稿和图像资料留给了他。达·芬奇去世后,梅尔齐开始重新整理他的手稿笔记,很可能是为了目后的印刷出版。梅尔齐大约于1567年左右在阿达河畔瓦普里奥去世。
Giovan Francesco Melzi
Melzi was probably born in Milan between 1491 and 1493. He was a pupil and friend of Leonardo, who he followed first to Rome in 1513 and then to France in 1517 where he assisted him until his death. The chronological reference regarding his birth derives from the two inscriptions found in the drawing Male Bust, in Profile dated 14 August 1510. In all probability, it was his father Gerolamo, around 1506, who favored his son’s entry into Leonardo da Vinci’s workshop.
As for original productions attributed to Melzi, some folia are preserved in the Royal Library at Windsor Castle and a small group of drawings from the Biblioteca Ambrosiana.
On April 24, 1519, Leonardo appointed Melzi heir and executor of his will, leaving him his manuscripts and graphic materials. After his master’s death, Melzi started reorganizing Leonardo’s manuscripts and notes, likely in anticipation of a printed edition. Melzi probably died in Vaprio d’Adda around 1567.
男子侧身像,1510年
弗朗切斯科 梅尔齐(1491或1493-1567)
纸上黑色及红色粉笔
20.3×13.1 厘米
米兰盎博罗削图书馆和美术馆
Male Bust, in Profile, 1510
Giovan Francesco Melzi (1491 or 1493-1567)
Red chalk with traces of black chalk on paper
20.3×13.1 cm
Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan
Inv. F. 274 Inf. 8
作为达·芬奇的门徒之一,梅尔齐曾在老师晚年陪伴他从罗马前往法国卢瓦河谷,并成为他的遗产继承人。这幅素描作品原型为一尊曾放置于达·芬奇工作室的雕塑,很可能是其本人的作品。梅尔齐在构图之初或许先用黑色粉笔勾勒,随后以红色粉笔进行更大尺幅的创作。其署名的笔迹亦透露出诸多信息:梅尔齐出身贵族,精通希腊文和拉丁文,常用受过良好教育阶层的书写方式,而出身资产阶级家庭的达·芬奇则擅用商人阶层的草书体。
乔瓦尼·安东尼·波塔费奥
康皮托圣保罗教堂的墓碑显示波塔费奥出生于1467年。从达·芬奇的简短说明中我们得知,他与“吉安·安东尼”(与波塔费奥的名字相似)的密切合作开始于1498年。彼时,波塔费奥已经作为肖像画家声名远扬。
根据拉莫和瓦萨里的记载,波塔费奥于1500年为博洛尼亚的圣母玛利亚教堂创作了所谓的卡西奥祭坛画,现存于巴黎卢浮宫。
1502年,波塔费奥回到了米兰,并且接受圣沙地乐圣母兄弟会的委托制作了《圣芭芭拉》(柏林国家博物馆)。与此同时,他还为这件作品创作了一份草图(现藏于盎博罗削图书馆),画中的女子一般被认为是阿拉贡的伊莎贝尔。波塔费奥的墓碑显示他于1516年6月15日去世,享年49岁。
Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio
Based on the gravestone present in the church of San Paolo in Compito, Boltraffio’s birth can be traced back to 1467. From a brief note from Leonardo, we know that a “Gian Antonio” – likely named Boltraffio – worked closely with the master starting in 1498, when his fame as a portrait painter was already established.
According to both Alessandro Lamo and Giorgio Vasari, Boltraffio painted the so-called Casio altarpiece in 1500 for the Church of Mercy, Bologna, and now preserved at the Louvre, Paris.
In 1502, Boltraffio was again in Milan, where he was commissioned by the congregation of Santa Maria in San Satiro a Santa Barbara (Staatliche Museen, Berlin). From the same period of the Santa Barbara belongs a drawing of the Biblioteca Ambrosiana, traditionally considered a portrait of Isabella of Aragon. Boltraffio’s gravestone indicates that he died at the age of 49, on June 15, 1516.
女子半身像及眼睛,约1502年
乔瓦尼·安东尼·波塔费奥(1467-1516)
54.4×40.5厘米
特制纸上银针笔、黑色及彩色粉笔
米兰盎博罗削图书馆和美术馆
Study of Female Bust and Eyes, c. 1502
Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio (1467-1516)
54.4×40.5 cm
Metalpoint, black and colored chalks on prepared paper Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan
Inv. Cod. F 290 Inf. 7
出生伦巴第贵族家庭的波塔费奥是达,芬奇最有名的门徒之一。这幅素描是波塔费奥在1502年创作的另一幅绘画草图,画中女子通常被认为阿拉贡的伊莎贝尔,身为米兰大公夫人,其佩戴的项链和所着华服都彰显着贵族身份。1490年左右,达•芬奇开始将人物描绘成双目低垂的模样,并逐渐趋于成熟风格,此次展出的《头发飘逸的女子》就是一个范例。波塔费奥效仿老师,在这幅作品中也将女子双眼描绘成微微下垂的样子,并在画面右上方尝试了双眼睁开时的不同画法,现在仍依稀可见。
年轻戴帽男子,约1500年
乔瓦尼 安东尼 波塔费奥(1467-1516)
53.7×40.7厘米
纸上银针笔、黑色及彩色粉笔
米兰盎博罗削图书馆和美术馆
Portrait of a Young Man Wearing a Hat, c. 1500
Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio (1467-1516)
53.7×40.7 cm
Metalpoint, black and colored chalks on paper
Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan
Inv. Cod. F. 290 Inf. 8
这幅素描是达·芬奇学生波塔费奥的代表作之一,在整个文艺复兴时期也属杰作。同一时期,波塔费奥还创作了另一幅女子肖像,同样展出于此次展览中,两幅作品采用了相似的技法和构图。作品所呈现的明暗对照是通过一种极薄的浆状颜料渲染而成,整体光线显得明亮而富有动感,这种技法深受达·芬奇在米兰时期肖像画中所发明的明暗法影响,男子的姿态也与达·芬奇所作的《音乐家》相呼应。画家用简洁明快的笔触描绘了人物的服饰并精细刻画了垂坠的质感。
伯纳迪诺·卢伊尼
卢伊尼于1481-1482年间出生于卢伊诺镇附近的杜门扎镇。他相当复杂的艺术风格被认为起源于贝尔戈尼奥内的伦巴第风格,并且受到布拉曼蒂诺的影响。而随着时间的推移,诸如空气透视法、明暗对比法等出自达·芬奇之手的艺术元素越来越多地出现在他的作品中。
卢伊尼的作品,尤其是壁画,数量十分庞大,其中主要包括:壁画《圣母子》(1512,奇亚拉瓦莱修道院);《下十字架与荆棘冠》(约1516,米兰圣乔治堂);壁画《圣母子》(1521,米兰布雷拉美术馆);佩鲁卡别墅的壁画(1521-1523,米兰布雷拉美术馆);《耶稣受难》(1529,卢加诺安杰利圣母堂)以及贝索奇堂的精美壁画(1530,米兰圣穆里思大修道院)。卢伊尼于1532年离世。
在瓦萨里的《名人传》(1550,1568)中,卢伊尼的名字出现在博卡奇诺以及另外一些伦巴第画家的传记里。他被描述为一位“极为细腻,极为朦胧的画家”。
Bernardino Luini
Luini was born in Dumenza, near Luino, around 1481-82. The origins of his rather complex style are found in Bergognone’s Lombard painting style and in Bramantino’s influence. Over time, Leonardo’s artistic elements, from the study of aerial perspective to the lightness of chiaroscuro, became increasingly present in his paintings.
His production, especially of frescoes, was vast. His principal works include: the fresco Madonna and Child (1512, abbey church of Chiaravalle Milanese); Deposition and the Coronation of Thorns (about 1516, Milan, S. Giorgio); the fresco Madonna and Child (1521, Milan, Brera); the frescoes from Villa Rabia alla Pelucca (1521-23, Milan, Brera); the Crucifixion (1529, Lugano, S. Maria degli Angeli), and the beautiful frescoes of the Besozzi chapel (1530, Milan, Monastero Maggiore).He died in 1532.
In Giorgio Vasari’s The Lives (1550, 1568), Luini is mentioned in the biographies of Boccaccino and other Lombard painters and is described as a “very delicate and very vague painter.”
男孩与羔羊
伯纳迪诺·卢伊尼(约1480-1532年)
木板油面
28.0×25.0厘米
米兰盎博罗削图书馆和美术馆
Child with Lamb
Bernardino Luini (c. 1480-1532)
Oil on panel
28.0×25.0 cm
Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan
Inv. 82
此作品是盎博罗削图书馆最古老的核心藏品之一,也曾是该图书馆创始人、米兰大主教费代里科·博罗梅奥的私人收藏。创作于1520年代的这幅油画,被公认为是达.芬奇学生卢伊尼最好的杰作之一,也是他职业生涯晚期的精品。达·芬奇对卢伊尼的影响充分体现在作品的主题上:孩童与动物玩耍,画作中表现为一只羔羊,象征着救赎。男孩脸上的甜蜜微笑及细腻的渐隐法运用,亦可看出达·芬奇早期和晚期风格对卢伊尼的影响。画作整体保存状况良好,只是画面左侧,尤其是羔羊头部,早年遭受过一些原因不明的严重损坏,因其油彩上的模仿性修复显示出相当古老的痕迹。
nessuna cosa nasce in loco dove non sia vita sensitiva, vigitativa e rationale. Nasce le penne sopra li uccelli e si mutano ogni anno; li peli sopra li animali e ogni anno si mutano, salvo alcune parti come i peli delle barbe de lioni e gatte e simili; nasce l’erbe sopra li prati, e le foglie sopra li alberi, e ogni anno in gran parte si rinnovano.Adunque potrem dire la Terra aver anima vigitativa
Leonardo da Vinci
任何生命不外乎三种形式:感性生命、植物性生命和理性生命。鸟儿生出羽毛,每年都会变化。动物生出毛发,除了特定部位(如狮子、猫等动物的胡须),每年都会生长。无论是草坪上的小草,还是大树枝头的树叶,年年都有新气象。因此我可以断言大地具有植物性生命。
列奥纳多·达·芬奇
nothing is born on the spot where there is no sensitive, vegetative, and rational life. The teathers are born on the birds and change every year; the hairs on the animals, and every year they change, except for some parts such as the hair of the beards of lions and cats and similar animals; the grasses are born in the meadows, and the leaves on the trees, and every year they are, in significant part, renewed. Therefore, we might say that Earth has a living soul
Leonardo da Vinci
秋水凫鹜图轴,约1320年
任仁发(1254-1327)
元
绢本 设色
114.3×57.2厘米
上海博物馆
Ducks Swimming in the Autumn Water, c. 1320
Ren Renfa (1254-1327)
Yuan dynasty
Hanging scroll, ink and color on silk
114.3×57.2 cm
Shanghai Museum
任仁发,字子明,号月山,松江府青龙镇(今上海青浦区)人。元代文人画象和水利官员,曾先后主持修治吴淞江、通惠河等多项水利工程,著有水利专书。
作为文艺复兴艺术大师的达·芬奇同时也是发明家,对水利领域贡献颇丰。他曾受命实施多项水利项目,通常带有军事或政治目的。图绘坡岸树右间双鸭戏水之景,工致妍丽,有南宋院体花鸟之风。本轴对水纹的描绘颇为精到。达·芬奇手稿中亦有多幅对水流、洪水的描绘,反映出他对水的研究兴趣。任仁发尤长画马。达·芬奇亦是,其壁画草图《安吉亚里之战》中几匹马的造型非常生动。
款鹤图卷,正德元年(1506)
唐寅(1470-1523)
明
纸本 设色
29.6×145.0厘米
上海博物馆
Crane, 1506
Tang Yin (1470-1523)
Ming dynasty
Handscroll, ink and color on paper
29.6×145.0cm
Shanghai Museum
唐寅,字伯虎,号桃花庵主,吴县(今江苏苏州)人。师沈周、周臣,擅山水、人物、花鸟,为”明四家”之一。
图绘王观置身山水,伏石观鹤。王观,号款鹤,为王穀祥之父,擅医术,曾为画家诊病,也是画家艺友。此图是明正德、嘉靖之际士人间流行的“别号图”典型,即以别号为题订制的纪念性绘画。因着力表现受画人的生活、理想,可以视作一种别样的肖像画。达·芬奇曾为切奇利娅(1473-约1530年)绘制肖像画《抱银貂的少女》,画中女子怀抱银貂,希腊文为”galée”,暗示切奇利娅的姓氏。两幅画都暗含人和动物的关联。
piglierà il primo volo il grande uccello sopra del dosso del suo magno Cecero, empiendo l’universo di stupore, empiendo di sua fama tutte le scritture, e groria eterna al nido dove nacque
Leonardo da Vinci
人类的鸟儿将首次遨游天际,飞越宏伟的切切里山峰。世界惊叹不已,文字为之扬名,其诞生的巢穴将永享荣耀。
列奥纳多·达·芬奇
the human bird shall take his first flight [over the great Ceceri mounti, filling the world with amazement, all writings with his fame, and bringing eternal glory to the nest whence he sprang
Leonardo da Vinci
Guo Xu (1456- after 1526), courtesy name Renhong, pseudonym Qingkuang, was a native of Taihe, Jiangxi Province. He was a portrait painter who excelled at painting ancient sages during the mid-era of the Ming Dynasty. He adopted an ancient style of strong and decisive brushstrokes and was a renowned artist during his time along with Shen Zhou, Wu Wei, and Du Jin.
“Dongbin Drunken” and “Fu Xi Draws the Eight Diagrams” are selected from Miscellaneous Figures, a masterpiece by Guo Xu. The subject of “Fu Xi Draws the Eight Diagrams” originates from an ancient creation myth, while “Dongbin Drunken” drew inspiration from the popularity of Daoist dramas (zaju) of the Song and Yuan eras.
In an era dominated by landscape painting, the recreation of mythological and religious themes still had strong buoyancy for the literati and painters of the mid-Ming Dynasty.
杂画人物图册(选三开),1503-约1507年
郭诩(1456-1526后)
明
纸本设色
29.8×49.3厘米
上海博物馆
Miscellaneous Figures (Selection), 1503-c. 1507
Guo Xu (1456-1526)
Ming dynasty
Album of three leaves, ink and color on paper 29.8 x 49.3 cm
Shanghai Museum
郭诩,字仁弘,号清狂,江西泰和人。明中期肖像画家。与王守仁相交甚厚,为其幕僚,参与平定宸濠之乱。《伏羲画卦》源于上古创世神话,《洞宾醉酒》则与宋元全真教兴盛背景下,《吕洞宾三度城南柳》等道教题材杂剧流行有关。而《乞食漂母》,郭诩以韩信因逆被诛为喻,献画题诗暗劝宁王朱宸濠不要谋逆。
米开朗基罗同样擅长神话、宗教类题材创作,如《创世纪》《杜利圣家族》等。文艺复兴时期,随着科学思潮的崛起,以达,芬奇为首的西方画家注重人体解剖的理性呈现,而同时期的中国画家则更关注笔墨趣味的诗意表达。郭诩以行草书笔法勾勒人物骨骼肌肉,体现了东方审美情趣。
“秋风纨扇”,源自西汉班婕妤的文学典故,传班婕妤隐退长信宫后,秋日看到被弃置的纨扇,触景生情作《怨歌行》以自哀。
唐寅描绘班氏典故,并借用这一典故比喻自身,将牵连下狱、绝缘仕途、世态炎凉的感伤寄寓于题诗,也将诗意引入绘画,使得纨扇仕女成为寄托“闺怨”或文人失意的典型图像,影响后来画家的同类创作。
杜堇的画卷生动再现了上层社会的女性空间,描绘了画师写真、鸣琴奏乐、对镜照影、庭院婴戏,以及她们进行蹴鞠、捶丸等体育运动的多个既相对独立又整体连贯的休闲场景。
“Graceful fan in the autumn breeze” is a literary allusion to Western Han Dynasty’s scholar and poet Ban Jieyu, called Consort Ban. After being removed to the Changxin Palace, Ban saw how the graceful fans made with fine silk were abandoned in the autumn; being touched by the scene, she wrote Song of Resentment (Yuangexing), mourning herself for being abandoned like an “autumn fan.”
Tang Yin depicts Ban’s allusion, using it as a metaphor for his own destiny. He embodies the sentimentality of being imprisoned and pushed away from official career in a poetic creation that aims to express the variability of human conditions.
In introducing such poetic and romantic flavor in the painting, Tang turns a lady with a fan into an archetypical symbol of both boudoir poetic laments and the frustrations of the literati.
Du Jin’s painting vividly reproduces a female environment of the upper class, depicting the noble ladies while playing sports, posing for portraits, playing musical instruments, using mirrors, and playing with children in the courtyard. These and other lively scenes are relatively independent but collectively show a comprehensive picture of female aristocratic life.
仕女图卷,约1490年
杜堇
明
绢本 设色
每段30.5x 168.9厘米不等
上海博物馆
Portraits of Ladies, c. 1490
Du Jin
Ming dynasty
Handscroll, ink and color on silk
Approx. 30.5×168.9 cm each section
Shanghai Museum
杜堇,活动于明代成化至弘治年间(1465-1505),与达·芬奇约生活于同时代。杜氏初姓陆,字惧男,号柽居、古狂等,丹徒(今江苏镇江)人,占籍京师。撞肖像,其画与郭诩、吴伟、沈周并称于世。
杜董多仿古之作。此卷即与南宋画家華五代周文矩《宫中图》有图像关联。画六段,分两卷。画卷生动再现了上层社会的女性空间,描绘了画师写真、鸣琴赛乐、体育运动、对镜照影、庭院婴戏等多个既相对独立又整体连贯的聚会场景。本次展出“画师写真”一段,表现了中国古代画豪”写真”的场景,可与文艺复兴时期的肖像画进行对话,如达·芬奇的杰作《蒙娜预莎》。
臣自有师,陛下内厩之马,皆臣师也
韩幹
I have my own teachers. All the horses in Your Majesty’s stables are my teachers
Han Gan
垂虹桥图页,约1480年
沈周(1427-1509)
明
绢本 设色
42.2×23.8 厘米
上海博物馆
Chuihong Bridge, c. 1480
Shen Zhou (1427-1509)
Ming dynasty
Album leaf, ink and color on silk 42.2 x 23.8 cm
Shanghai Museum
沈周,字启南,号石田、白石翁,江苏苏州人。不应科举,以诗文书画为事。开创明代中期文人画“吴门画派”,影响深远。
垂虹桥位于苏州吴江,始建于北宋(1048),至今仍存。跨越吴淞江东西,气势宏伟。吴江八景之一的“垂虹夜月”即因此而得名。达·芬奇拥有桥梁设计师的美名,其手稿中留存有一些设计方案,比如连接伊斯坦布尔和加拉塔的长桥。
佛罗伦萨与苏州,可谓当时各自国度的文化艺术创作中心。沈周作为“吴门画派”领袖,影响文徵明、唐寅、仇英等人创作。犹如韦罗基奥作为”佛罗伦萨画派”的早期代表人物,其画室培育了如达·芬奇、波提切利等文艺复兴大师。